While no recorded measure of electoral violence is free from error, the fact that many measures of this concept rely heavily on the timing of violence to justify its coding leaves substantial uncertainty regarding whether such violence would still have occurred in the absence of any election. Commonly utilized datasets on this phenomenon are hand coded and conceptual ambiguity can easily creep into published measures as coders impose their own subjective biases into the data-generating process (Brass, Reference Brass1997). Most studies of electoral violence tacitly assume that violence which occurs contemporaneously with an election is also related to the election, but there are legitimate reasons to be skeptical. We follow Birch and Muchlinski ( Reference Birch and Muchlinski2020, 3) who define electoral violence as, “coercive force, directed toward electoral actors and/or objects, that occurs in the context of electoral competition.”Įlectoral violence is often conceptualized at quite high levels of aggregation utilizing blunt categories including whether there were post-election protests, whether “civilians were killed in significant numbers,” and whether government forces harassed opposition candidates (Hyde and Marinov, Reference Hyde and Marinov2012). The causal link, which is often more implicit, limits electoral violence to that which is in some way connected to the electoral process, as opposed to violence that takes place during the electoral process but has no direct bearing on the election. Electoral violence is conventionally understood as violence that takes place contemporaneously with the electoral cycle.
Inherent in most definitions of electoral violence is the temporal link between violence and elections and the causal link between the two. Research into the causes of electoral violence has recently become more systematic, examining the conditions under which incumbents are likely to use violence to influence the electoral process (Hafner-Burton et al., Reference Hafner-Burton, Hyde and Jablonski2014), the effects of electoral institutions on electoral violence (Fjelde and Höglund, Reference Fjelde and Höglund2016), and the conditions under which ethnic diversity contributes to such conflict (Butcher and Goldsmith, Reference Butcher and Goldsmith2017).ĭespite the increased interest in electoral violence, the concept remains theoretically underdeveloped and conceptually vague (Staniland, Reference Staniland2014). Unfortunately, electoral politics has become intertwined with violence across much of the world (Dunning, Reference Dunning2011). “We also have a wholesale analysis tool to help suppliers understand how their products are being bought by retailers within a category, alongside a suite of EPOS analysis tools to help suppliers understand how their customers are buying their products within the company owned stores.Elections are the most common means by which citizens select and provide legitimacy to their political leaders. “Our platform has been built to give suppliers quick key facts ‘on the go’ via our NAM Dash tool, where you can view category performance right the way down to SKU level information, within a couple of clicks.
“For the first time, stakeholders can view wholesale and retail sales performance on one, easy to use platform,” said MacEwen. The service is hosted using TWC’s SmartView Technology, which has been used as a basis for several services launched by wholesale buying groups in the past year.īut TWC Head of Sales Sandy MacEwen says there are several unique aspects to the platform designed for CJ Lang. They’ve mainly accessed ‘NAM Dash’, however many suppliers are taking the time to dig deeper from here into the retail basket analysis.” “In the three months since the platform went live, we have had over 40 suppliers sign up to the service. “We are now able, for the first time, to share shipments data to all SPAR Scotland retailers, enabling our partner suppliers to monitor their performance through CJ Lang & Son at a total category, sub-category, brand and SKU level, including competitor data. “Incredibly, the implementation of the platform has had very little impact on our operational time, while generating a new revenue stream for the business,” said CJ Lang CEO Colin McLean. TWC has also helped to successful convert 70% of the priority prospects identified by CJ Lang into data contracts. The data solution combines CJ Lang’s wholesale shipments data with EPOS sales data for company-owned stores in order to make fast and accurate decisions.Īnd the results are proving highly successful, with the Spar Scotland Sales Track service being developed within three months – allowing the business to commercialise its data.
An industry-first data solution between TWC and CJ Lang & Son is being celebrated by Spar’s wholesale partner.
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